Thesis

Metabolomic profiling of certain Salsola species growing in Saudi Arabia and isolation of their active principles

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Awarding institution
  • University of Strathclyde
Date of award
  • 2024
Thesis identifier
  • T16995
Person Identifier (Local)
  • 201884919
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Abstract
  • Medicinal plants have long been recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic properties. Many of these plants contain a wide array of micro molecules, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other phytochemicals, which have been found to possess antioxidant and anticancer properties. Oxidative stress can play a significant role in the development and progression of cancer. Therefore, searching for antioxidant compounds is indeed step towards protection against cancer. The flora of Saudi Arabia offers a valuable resource of plants that have not been extensively studied for their chemical and biological activity. Salsola kali (Amaranthaceae), commonly known as prickly saltwort or tumbleweed, is found in the Saudi flora, possesses medicinal importance and is employed in traditional medicinal practices. In this work, the biological activity of the aerial parts of Salsola kali total methanol extract (KM) as well as its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (KE) fraction were tested for their antioxidant activity adopting DPPH assay. Moreover, their anticancer activities were assessed in vitro using brine shrimp assay and against different human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7, HCT 116). The results showed promising antioxidant as well as anticancer activities especially against HepG2 with IC50 values of 104.5 μg/mL and 34.5 μg/mL for KM and KE, respectively. A metabolomics-guided approach was applied by using NMR and LC-HRMS as profiling tools to afford an intensive chemical profile of the Salsola to target the bioactive metabolites. The spectral data was processed using Xcalibur, MZmine 2.53, in-house MS-Excel macro, and Dictionary of Natural Products for dereplication studies. (KE) fractions were subjected to extensive metabolic studies. A supervised multivariate analysis was done by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) in SIMCA-P V 17.0 to predict and pinpoint the plausible bioactive components. The result revealed that 43 hits were detected in the extract which fall under the chemical classes of phenolics, more especially flavonoids and their derivatives, organic acids, nitrogenous compounds, and sugar derivatives. Further, the EtOAc fraction of Salsola kali (KE) was fractionated on MPLC and the obtained 15 fractions tested again for their antioxidant activity. Higher anti-oxidant activities for the EtOAc crude extract as compared to its methanolic congruent. Several EtOAc fractions including; F4, F5, F6, F7-9, F52-55, F56-60, and F61-76 showed significant anti-oxidant activities as compared to ascorbic acid within the range from 41% and up to almost 65 %. Major active compounds in the bioactive fractions were then isolated by different chromatographic techniques. The five isolated compounds were characterized by NMR and identified as lupeol (1), trans 4-methoxy cinnamic acid (2), ferulic acid (3), 4-anisaldehyde (4) and isorhamnetin -3-O-β-Dgalactopyranoside (5) which were reported for the first time in S. kali. Based on the presented data, our study would greatly add to the knowledge of identifying promising candidates of natural origin for drug discovery and development process.
Advisor / supervisor
  • Edrada-Ebel, RuAngelie
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